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Junnar, in Pune district, holds the largest and most extensive group of ancient rock-cut cave excavations in India, with over 200 individual caves spread across four hill groups: the Tulja Caves, the Manmodi Caves, the Shivneri Caves and the Lenyadri (Ganesh Lena) Caves. All belong to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism and are datable from around the mid-3rd century BCE to the late 3rd century CE.
The Lenyadri group, on the outskirts of Junnar town, is a Buddhist rock-cut complex of viharas and chaityas; one of its caves was later converted into a Ganesha shrine that remains an active place of worship. The Shivneri group comprises around 60 caves excavated on Shivneri Hill in the early centuries CE as a flourishing centre of Buddhist monastic activity, on the same hill as the fort where Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born.
The caves are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India, which maintains a demarcated protected zone and a surrounding prohibited construction radius around each group to preserve the site.
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