





The Pantheon, originally a temple dedicated to all gods, was established between 25 and 27 BC by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, son-in-law of Divus Augustus. It suffered damage from 80 to 110 AD but underwent restoration by Hadrian between 118 and 125 AD. In the year 609, it was consecrated as the Basilica of St. Mary ad Martyres after being donated to Pope Boniface IV by Byzantine Emperor Phocas.
The pronaos is supported by sixteen Corinthian columns made from grey and pink granite. The three left flank columns were replaced in the 17th century under Popes Urban VIII and Alexander VII, using materials excavated for this purpose. An inscription on the pediment reads: M. AGRIPPA. L. F. COS. TERTIUM. FECIT (Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, consul for the third time). The entrance gate is 7.53 meters high and approximately 4.90 meters wide, featuring two bronze wings each weighing 7 tons.
The interior features a circular hall with both diameter and height measuring 43.30 meters. Its wall includes seven alternating rectangular and semicircular chapels interspersed with eight aedicules. The attic showcases windows and panels crafted by Paul Posi in 1757. A coffered dome culminates in a circular opening about 9 meters wide, functioning as an astronomical clock when sunlight enters through the oculus at noon, aligning perfectly on the doorway's axis. Rainwater entering via the dome’s oculus is channeled out through 22 holes located centrally on the floor.
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